Perceived Anxiety in Family Caregivers of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down Syndrome and Williams Syndrome during the Lockdown of the First COVID-19 Wave in Spain

Abstract

Background. The lockdown during the first wave of COVID-19 in Spain has been related to higher levels of anxiety in the general population. However, the emotional impact on Spanish caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) has not been studied so far.

Methods. An online questionnaire was distributed to Spanish organisations providing support to individuals with NDD and their families. Data from caregivers of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (N = 17), Down syndrome (DS) (N = 25) and Williams syndrome (WS) (N = 18) were analysed.

Results. All caregivers reported concerns directly related to the pandemic and lockdown situation. Caregivers of individuals with ASD showed higher level of concern about the possibility of family conflict. All three groups reported higher levels of anxiety during the lockdown. Anxiety was predicted by previous anxiety disorder and the child’s diagnosis.

Conclusions. Predictors of anxiety in caregivers of individuals with NDD differ from those previously reported in the general Spanish population. The results suggest that confinement in Spain was especially demanding for families of individuals with ASD. Public policies should consider the particular needs of people with NND and their caregivers to minimise the negative consequences of the ongoing pandemic.