Evolution of Well-Being and Associated Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was a global public health crisis with an unparalleled impact worldwide, presenting a significant challenge for both physical and mental health. The main objective of this study was to analyze the risk of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and how this was affected by sociodemographic factors, pandemic fatigue, risk perception, trust in institutions, and perceived self-efficacy. 

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Region of Murcia through two online surveys completed by 1000 people in June 2021 (Round 1) and March 2022 (Round 2). Risk of depression was measured using the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaire, and descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the risk of depression. 

Results: In Round 1, 35.2% of the sample presented a risk of depression, which increased to 39.1% in Round 2. Those at greater risk were women, individuals with lower socioeconomic status, those with less family support, lower trust in institutions, higher perceived risk of contracting the disease, and higher levels of pandemic fatigue. 

Conclusions: Identifying vulnerable populations facing mental health issues can help the authorities and institutions that are responsible for managing public health crises to develop and implement inclusive strategies and interventions tailored to the population's needs.